Starbucks Corporation Foreign Direct Investment in Japan

The statement that maps are never value-free images Essay Example

The statement that maps are never value The statement that maps are never value-free images Essay The statement that maps are never value-free images Essay Essay Topic: Claim Of Value History Maps are never value-free images except in the narrowest sense that they are not n themselves either true or false. They are selective in their content and in their styles and signs of representation. Maps are a way of articulating the human world which is affected by particular sets of social relations. Political, social and religious powers have used maps to depict the extent and strength of their power. Mapmaking was one of the specialised intellectual weapons by which power could be gained, given legitimacy, administered and codified. Maps have been weapons of imperialism as much as guns, maps were used in colonial promotion and lands were claimed on paper even before they were occupied. Therefore maps anticipated empire, they were used to legitimise the reality of conquest and empire and helped essentially to create myths. Maps were also used throughout history by the state or individual landlords to show their ownership of property and control a peasant or tenant population and for the regulation of land and extraction of taxes. The maps invisibly affected the daily lives of people just as the clock brought in time discipline, maps brought and new dimension to space discipline. Maps are embedded in the history they help construct. While the western way of viewing maps has become the norm, with Europe in the located in the centre, there have been many other approaches in viewing the world. For example Australian cartographers have a different perspective, they had Australia centred and at the top of the map. Even Arab cartographers of the twelfth century viewed the world differently, and their maps today would appear upside down to us. The main problem in drawing maps is transforming a 3-dimensional world into a 2-dimensional representation as the result is distortion. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw the Mercator projection. The main use to which Mercators maps were put was in navigation, so coastlines are the most accurately rendered features, his projection but did however distort the area. Particular parts of the world such as the north looked territorially bigger and therefore more powerful; North America looks much bigger than Africa for example. Europe is also centre on this projection, it is the navel of the world, and has an appearance of being rather large and superior. An alternative view of the world is presented in the Peters projection. The aim of the Peters projection is to represent area with maximum accuracy, it preserves area but at the expensive of the shapes of the landmasses becoming elongated and severely distorted. Deliberate distortions of map content have been used throughout history for political purposes. Behind the mapmaker is a set of power relations and by manipulating scale, over-enlarging or moving topography or by using strong, suggestive colours, makers of propaganda maps have been a cause of the one sided view of geopolitical politics. Many wars have been fought as much in the contents of propaganda maps as through any other medium. Maps show as much as they hide, the cartographer is essentially the author and they have the power to represent what they believe to be important or essential on the map. Also their name is usually hidden so that the map assumes as air of accuracy and objectivity. Monmonier states that not only is it easy to lie with maps, it is essential, maps have to omit certain details as it is not possible to include everything on a map and it to be still legible. Maps therefore simplify and the cartographer chooses the selected features that are to be presented on it so as to point us to a way of reading it. Silences on maps exert a social influence through their omissions as much as through the features they depict and emphasise. There is an important political undercurrent in these silences. For example nuclear waste dumps are not shown on USGS topographical maps, so as not to cause the government embarrassment. In early modern maps castle signs representing military of feudal rank appeared larger than villages despite the fact they occupy less ground. Their purpose was to heighten their perception of power. Maps are never value-free images they construct rather than represent the world; they are a unique system of signs and are undermined by certain ideologies. The cartographer may also be biased in his choice of what is represented on the map and he is usually influenced by certain power relations. Maps cannot simply be taken for face value and one must be aware of what they do not say as much as what they do, in order to fully appreciate their power to manipulate.

You have been invited by the government of Trinidad and Tobago (West Essay

You have been invited by the government of Trinidad and Tobago (West -Indies) to advise the political leader on economic development initiatives that can help - Essay Example Windfalls from surging prices of energy, exploitation activities of new gas fields and moves towards industrial capacity expansion have contributed in no small measure to vibrant economic activity, strengthening of foreign reserves and excess liquidity witnessed in the financial system. Certain indicators like capacity strains in the construction and other sectors, tightening of the labor market and an accelerated inflation point towards the operation at full or near potential of the economy. To ensure that Trinidad and Tobago’s economy is improved upon and achieves a high performing economy status, the need for certain economic development initiatives cannot be overemphasized. According to a 1999 estimate, the GDP of the country stood at about $9.41 billion dollars at growth rate of about 5%.the purchasing power parity or GDP per capita also stood at about $8500 in 1999.A further breakdown of composition by sector of the GDP reveals that services has the highest input of 54% followed by industries with 44% and by agriculture with 2%-according to a 1998 estimate. Exports from the country in 1998 had a value of $2.4bn (f.o.b).In order to raise the standard of living for current and future generations, there is an important need to strike a delicate balance of efficient investment of energy windfalls in promoting social objectives and economic diversification while avoiding an overheating of the economy and inflationary trends by the strategic pacing of energy reven ues. It is important to note that, the gulf between the non-energy sector and its energy counterpart has widened with the non-energy sector witnessing a fiscal deficit alongside an accelerated public spending increase. Urgent steps need to be taken so as to reverse overdependence on revenues from the oil sector. Human development and infrastructure should be allocated high-quality spending. Given the upward trend in inflation and the real

Elderly Receive Free Bus Rides Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Elderly Receive Free Bus Rides - Essay Example Elderly Receive Free Bus Rides These programs are either in operation or are going to become operational soon, the question here to be asked is why seniors throughout the world should have access to such discounts. Several policy makers have time and again given importance to the question and due to various reasons such policies related to free travelling for seniors have been created. Body Studies conducted in different areas and locations show that seniors live longer and healthy if their activity level is high, and in order to increase the quality of life of seniors it should be the first priority of policy makers to give seniors access to free transportation so they can easily move from one place to another and increase their activity level (Nussbaum 122). During the period of 2006, seniors living in the region of England were offered free of cost travelling as soon as the rush hours of weekdays used to end and throughout the weekends (BBC News 20120. This policy is under scrutiny and policy makers are thinkin g of ending the policy. According to a study conducted by Sophie Coronini-Cronberg on the senior citizens of the England, showed that people who had access to free bus passes participated highly in traveling from one end to another through means of walking, public transportation and cycling (U.K. Government Online 2012). The research further suggested that the free ride passes did not only benefit the poor in the community, it even benefited the rich within the community. The research results even showed that those individuals who were car owners participated less in active traveling activities. Active travelling has been associated with better health and exercise, people mostly around the world hate exercising or they do not get enough time to exercise. But if the use of public transport, especially busses increase they will start walking from their homes to buss stands and such travelling activities will assist them in complying with the exercises they have been recommended by phy sicians. According to a research conducted in Britain, when adults participate in active travelling such as travelling from their homes and offices to bus stands, they are able to fulfill certain portion of their recommended exercises (AlphaGalileo 2012). According to Santos those senior citizen that take part in active travelling and physical activities end up with better quality of life, have better mental fitness and are able to participate in economic activities which helps the government in keeping their expenses low as seniors work and do not require government aid (Fleischer 2002). Seniors that are mentally fit easily find jobs due to their experience, this helps them in becoming dependant on their families and their families do not have to think of them as burden. Death rate of senior citizens have even been linked with physical activity, studies show that those senior individuals who participate in physical activities are at a 12% lesser risk of loosing their lives as soon as they cross the age of 60 (Harbert 23). Before policy makers decide to cancel free bus trips and travelling for senior citizens, they should look at the costs associated with doing so. Medical expenses are on a rise, seniors need great amount of medical attention as at their age they experience various health diseases and if free bus rides

Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research - Assignment Example bad credit history, the rate charged may be higher. It is however, mostly based upon how a company view and rate its customer and subsequently decide what rate to be offered to a customer. Even the interest rates charged on different cards issued by same company differ from each other depending upon the way a customer is rated by the company. Companies attract customers in different manner and according to their target market. Once the target market is identified, there are different means through which companies can attract their target market. One important method for attracting the customers is the rate of interest charged on the credit cards- i.e. if company’s target market is to secure prime customers, they will offer cards at lower rates to attract their desired customers. Further, balance transfer facilities at lower rates are also an important way through which companies attract their customers. When a person applies for any type of loan facility including credit cards and personal loans, financial institutions obtain a copy of credit report of the customer. A credit report is basically just a report which mentions all the obligations of a customer that he or she has to pay off to the financial and other institutions from where borrowing has been made. It not only provides the credit history of the borrower but also give a true picture of the total monthly debt obligations, total debts to be paid by the borrower and any defaults made in the past. (AIE, 2010) In a sense, credit report is the most essential document which determines whether a person can obtain the credit or not. This is so because companies, based on the credit report, not only determine how much loan to be given but also get a clear insight into the probability that whether the customer will pay off the debt or not. Most financial institutions do not extend loans to customers with poor

Developing a Brain Computer Interface

Developing a Brain Computer Interface A Seminar Report On â€Å"Brain Computer Interface† Submitted by: Name: Sachin Kumar Roll No: 1214310301 ABSTRACT Brain Computer Interface allows users to communicate with each others by using only brain activities without using any peripheral nerves and muscles of human body. On BCI research the Electroencephalogram (EEG) is used for recording the electrical activity along the scalp. EEG is used to measure the voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain. Hans Berger a German neuroscientist, in 1924 discovered the electrical activity of human brain by using EEG. Hans Berger was the first one who recorded an Alpha Wave from a human brain. In 1970, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency of USA initiated the program to explore brain communication using EEG. The papers published after this research also mark the first appearance of the expression brain–computer interface in scientific literature. The field of BCI research and development has since focused primarily on neuroprosthetics applications that aim at restoring damaged hearing, sight and movement. Nowadays BCI research is going on in a full swing using non-invasive neural imaginary technique mostly the EEG. The future research on BCI will be dependent mostly in nanotechnology. Research on BCI is radically increased over the last decade. From the last decade the maximum information transfer rates of BCI was 5-25 bits/min but at present BCI’s maximum data transfer rate is 84.7bits/min. 2.INTRODUCTION Brain-computer interface (BCI) is alliance between a brain and a device that enables signals from the brain to direct some external activities, such as control of a cursoror a prosthetic limb. The Brain computing interface enables a direct communications pathway between the brain and the object to be controlled. For example, the signal is transmitted directly from the brain to the mechanism directing the cursor moves, rather than taking the normal ways through the bodys neuromuscular system from the brain to the finger on a mouse then directing the curser. BCIs Research began in the 1970s at the University of California Los Angeles(UCLA) under an allowance from the   National Science Foundation, followed by a contract fromDARPA. Thanks to the remarkable cortical plasticity of the brain, signals from implanted prostheses can, after adaptation, be handled by the brain like natural sensor or effector channels. Animal experimentation for years, the first neuroprosthetic devices implanted in humans appeared in the mid-1990s. Current brain computing interface devices require calculated conscious thought; some future applications, such as prosthetic control, are likely to work without difficulty. Development of electrode devices and/or surgical methods that are minimally invasive is one of the biggest challenges in developing BCI technology . Though Brain Computer Interface (BCI) facilitates direct communication between brain and computer or another device so nowadays it is widely used to enhance the possibility of communication for people with severe neuromuscular disorders, spinal cord injury. Except the medical applications BCI is also used for multimedia applications, which becomes possible by decoding information directly from the user’s brain, as reflected in electroencephalographic (EEG)signals which are recorded non-invasively from user’s scalp. 3.LITERATURE REVIEW Current Trends in Graz Brain–Computer Interface (BCI) Research Pfurtscheller, C. Neuper, C. Guger, W. Harkam, H. Ramoser, Schlà ¶gl, B. Obermaier, and M. Pregenzer The â€Å"Graz Brain–Computer Interface† (BCI) project is aimed at developing a technical system that can support communication possibilities for patients with severe neuromuscular disabilities, who are in particular need of gaining reliable control via non-muscular devices. This BCI system uses oscillatory electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, recorded during specific mental activity, as input and provides a control option by its output. The obtained output signals are presently evaluated for different purposes, such as cursor control, selection of letters or words, or control of prosthesis. Between 1991 and 2000, the Graz BCI project moved through various stages of prototypes. In the first years, mainly EEG patterns during willful limb movement were used for classification of single EEG trials. In these experiments, a cursor was moved e.g. to the left, right or downwards, depending on planning of left hand, right hand or foot movement. Extensive off-line analyses have shown that classification accuracy improved, when the input features, such as electrode positions and frequency bands, were optimized in each subject. Apart from studies in healthy volunteers, BCI experiments were also performed in patients, e.g., with an amputated upper limb. The main parts of any BCI system are: Signal acquisition system: involves the electrodes, which pick up the electrical activity of the brain and the amplifier and analog filters. The feature extractor: converts the brain signals into relevant feature components. At first, the EEG raw signals are filtered by a digital band pass filter. Then, the amplitude samples are squared to obtain the power samples. The power samples are averaged for all trials. Finally, the signal is smoothed by averaging over time samples. The feature translator: classifies the feature components into logical controls. The control interface: converts the logical controls into semantic controls. The device controller: changes the semantic controls to physical device commands, which differ from one device to another depending on the application. Finally, the device commands are executed by the device. The early work of BCI was done by  invasive  methods with electrodes inserted into the brain tissue to read the signals of a single neuron. Although the spatio-temporal resolution was high and the results were highly accurate, there were complications in the long term. These were mostly attributable to the scar tissue formation, which leads to a gradual weakening of the signal and even complete signal loss within months because of the brain tissue reaction towards the foreign objects. A proof of concept experiment was done by Nicolelis and Chapin on monkeys to control a robotic arm in real time using the invasive method. Recently, less invasive methods have been used by applying an array of electrodes in the subdural space over the cortex to record the Electrocorticogram (ECoG) signals. It has been found that ordinary Electroencephalogram pickup signals are averaged over several EEG signal bands (Hz) square inches, whereas ECoG electrodes can measure the electrical activity of brain cells over a much smaller area, thereby providing much higher spatial resolution and a higher signal to noise ratio because of the thinner barrier tissue between the electrodes and the brain cells. The superior ability to record the gamma band signals of the brain tissue is another important advantage of this type of BCI system. Gamma rhythms (30-200 Hz) are produced by cells with higher oscillations, which are not easy to record by ordinary EEGs. The human skull is a thick filter, which blurs the EEG signals, especially the higher frequency bands (i.e. gamma band). Noninvasive  techniques were demonstrated mostly by electroencephalographs (EEG). Others used functional Hz, Magneto-Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Positron Electron Tomography (PET), Magneto encephalography (MEG) and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography There (SPECT). EEGs have the advantage of higher temporal resolution, reaching a few milliseconds and are relatively low cost. Recent EEG systems have better spatiotemporal resolution of up to 256 electrodes over the total area of the scalp. Nevertheless, it cannot record from the deep parts of the brain. This is the main reason why the multimillion dollar fMRI systems are still the preferred method for the functional study of the brain. However, EEG systems are still the best candidate for BCI systems spatial as they are easy to use, portable and cheap. The main problems that reduce the reliability and accuracy of BCI and which prevent this technology from being clinically useful, are the sensory interfacing problems and the translation algorithm problems. In order to make a clinically useful BCI the accuracy of the detection of intention needs to be very high and certainly much higher than the currently achieved accuracy with different types of BCI. The intermediate compromise between accuracy and safety is the ECoG based BCI, which has shown considerable promise. The sensory arrays of electrodes are less invasive and provide comparable accuracy and high spatial resolution compared to the implanted type. The ECoG based BCI needs much less training than the EEG based BCI and researchers have shown that highly accurate and fast response. 4.TECHNICAL DETAILS REASON BEHIND WORKING: The reason a BCI works at all is because of the way our brains function. Our brains are filled with  neurons, individual nerve cells connected to one another by dendrites and axons. Every time we think, move, feel or remember something, our neurons are at work. That work is carried out by small electric signals that zip from neuron to neuron as fast as 250 mph. The signals are generated by differences in electric potential carried by ions on the membrane of each neuron. Although the paths the signals take are insulated by something called myelin, some of the electric signal escapes. Scientists can detect those signals, interpret what they mean and use them to direct a device of some kind. It can also work the other way around. For example, researchers could figure out what signals are sent to the brain by the optic nerve when someone sees the color red. They could rig a camera that would send those exact signals into someones brain whenever the camera saw red, allowing a blind person to see without eyes. BCI INPUT AND OUTPUT: One of the biggest challenges facing brain-computer interface researchers today is the basic mechanics of the interface itself. The easiest and least invasive method is a set of electrodes a device known as an  electroencephalograph(EEG) attached to the scalp. The electrodes can read brain signals. However, the skull blocks a lot of the electrical signal, and it distorts what does get through. To get a higher-resolution signal, scientists can implant electrodes directly into the gray matter of the brain itself, or on the surface of the brain, beneath the skull. This allows for much more direct reception of electric signals and allows electrode placement in the specific area of the brain where the appropriate signals are generated. This approach has many problems, however. It requires invasive surgery to implant the electrodes, and devices left in the brain long-term tend to cause the formation of scar tissue in the gray matter. This scar tissue ultimately blocks signals. Regardless of the location of the electrodes, the basic mechanism is the same: The electrodes measure minute differences in the voltage between neurons. The signal is then amplified and filtered. In current BCI systems, it is then interpreted by a computer program, although you might be familiar with older analogue encephalographs, which displayed the signals via pens that automatically wrote out the patterns on a continuous sheet of paper. In the case of a sensory input BCI, the function happens in reverse. A computer converts a signal, such as one from a video camera, into the voltages necessary to trigger neurons. The signals are sent to an implant in the proper area of the brain, and if everything works correctly, the neurons fire and the subject receive a visual image corresponding to what the camera sees. SENSORY INPUT: The most common and oldest way to use a BCI is a cochlear implant. For the average person, sound waves enter the ear and pass through several tiny organs that eventually pass the vibrations on to the auditory nerves in the form of electric signals. If the mechanism of the ear is severely damaged, that person will be unable to hear anything. However, the auditory nerves may be functioning perfectly well. They just arent receiving any signals. A cochlear implant bypasses the non functioning part of the ear, processes the sound waves into electric signals and passes them via electrodes right to the auditory nerves. The result: A previously deaf person can now hear. He might not hear perfectly, but it allows him to understand conversations. The processing of visual information by the brain is much more complex than that of audio information, so artificial eye development isnt as advanced. Still, the principle is the same. Electrodes are implanted in or near the visual cortex, the area of the brain that processes visual information from the retinas. A pair of glasses holding small cameras is connected to a computer and, in turn, to the implants. After a training period similar to the one used for remote thought-controlled movement, the subject can see. Again, the vision isnt perfect, but refinements in technology have improved it tremendously since it was first attempted in the 1970s. Jens Naumann was the recipient of a second-generation implant. He was completely blind, but now he can navigate New York Citys subways by himself and even drive a car around a parking lot. In terms of science fiction becoming reality, this process gets very close. The terminals that connect the camera glasses to the electrodes in Naumanns b rain are similar to those used to connect the VISOR (Visual Instrument and Sensory Organ) worn by blind engineering officer Geordi La Forge in the Star Trek: The Next Generation TVshow and films, and theyre both essentially the same technology. However, Naumann isnt able to see invisible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Applications: Applications of BCI are described as follows: Neurogaming: Currently, there is a new field of gaming called Neurogaming, which uses non-invasive BCI in order to improve gameplay so that users can interact with a console without the use of a traditional controller. Some Neurogaming software use a players brain waves, heart rate, expressions, pupil dilation, and even emotions to complete tasks or effect the mood of the game. For example, game developers at Emotiv have created non-invasive BCI that will determine the mood of a player and adjust music or scenery accordingly. This gaming experience will introduce a real-time experience in gaming and will introduce the ability to control a video game by thought. Prosthesis control: Non-invasive BCIs have also been applied to enable brain-control of prosthetic upper and lower extremity devices in people with paralysis. For example, Gert Pfurtscheller of Graz University of Technology and colleagues demonstrated a BCI-controlled functional electrical stimulation system to restore upper extremity movements in a person with tetraplegia due to spinal cord injury. Between 2012 and 2013, researchers at the University of California, Irvine demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to use BCI technology to restore brain-controlled walking after spinal cord injury. Synthetic telepathy/silent communication: In a $6.3 million Army initiative to invent devices for telepathic communication, Gerwin Schalk, underwritten in a $2.2 million grant, found that it is possible to use ECoG signals to discriminate the vowels and consonants embedded in spoken and in imagined words. The results shed light on the distinct mechanisms associated with production of vowels and consonants, and could provide the basis for brain-based communication using imagined speech. On February 27, 2013Duke University researchers successfully connected the brains of two rats with electronic interfaces that allowed them to directly share information, in the first-ever direct brain-to-brain interface. MEG and MRI: Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have both been used successfully as non-invasive BCIs. In a widely reported experiment, fMRI allowed two users being scanned to play Pongin real-time by altering their haemodynamic response or brain blood flow through biofeedback techniques. fMRI measurements of haemodynamic responses in real time have also been used to control robot arms with a seven second delay between thought and movement. Neural Internet: Access to the internet opens a myriad of opportunities for those with severe disabilities, including shopping, entertainment, education, and possibly even employment. Neural control users cannot control a cursor with a great degree of precision, so, therefore, the challenge of adapting a web browser for neural control is in making links—which are spatially organized—accessible. The University of Tuebingen developed a web browser controller to be used with their thought translation device, but it requires the user to select from an alphabetized list of links, causing problems if the link names are identical. They have developed a neurally controlled web browser that serializes the spatial internet interface and allows logical control of a web application. BrainTrainer—Subject Training: The BrainTrainer project researches the most effective ways of teaching a person the brain-signal control needed to interact with a device. The BrainTrainer toolset allows researchers to compose trials by providing simple tasks, such as targeting, navigation, selection, and timing, that can be combined to produce an appropriate-level task for a particular subject.

Interruptions and Delayed Explanations in Act III of The Crucible Essay

The Crucible Essay In act three opportunities constantly arise for the whole problem of the play to be cleared up satisfactorily, but these are always frustrated. Show how this act is one of interruptions and explanations which are tragically delayed. The crucible is a play written by Arthur miller and concerns the mass hysteria, which led to the 1692 Salem witchcraft trials in the U.S.A. At that time the people who lived in Salem believed in witches and the devil. They believed that the bible told them that witches should be hanged and they were required to live by strict puritan laws. The main characters of the play are Elizabeth Proctor and her husband John. John had an affair with their maid, Abigail, and it was her intention to destroy Elizabeth and marry John Proctor herself. After Elizabeth and other members of the community have been arrested on charges of witchcraft, the trial begins and there are many opportunities to show that the people arrested were innocent but the many interruptions make this impossible. At the start of act 1 Martha Corey is being questioned by judge Danforth and Hathorne to see if she had been involved in witchcraft. Her husband, Giles Corey interrupts to say that Putnam wants everyone’s land. â€Å"Thomas Putnam is reaching out for land.† Corey says that he has evidence to prove this. Then he is interrupted by Reverend Parris who undermines Corey’s evidence by saying he was a very argumentative person. Corey is interrupted again by Francis Nurse who says that the girls are all frauds â€Å"We have proof of it sir they are all deceiving you.† John Proctor arrives in the court with Mary Warren and the evidence as well but they are interrupted by Parris who tries to blacken Proctors name by say... ...s a whore and she has a motive to kill his wife. Proctor’s wife is called in and Proctor has already told the court that she never lies, could never lie. Elizabeth Proctor is asked about Proctors relationship with Abigail and she said he had done nothing wrong. To save her husband, because committing adultery is a hanging offence, she tells that lie and condemns him. Proctor asks Mary to continue with her evidence but she turns against him and accuses him of being in league with the devil, â€Å"you’re the Devil’s man she points at him she says she will not hang with him and tells the court that he told her, â€Å"I’ll murder you, if my wife hangs.† Proctor tells Danforth â€Å"you are pulling heaven down, and raising up a whore!† If any of the people had been allowed to give their evidence without interruptions, the outcome of the court case might have been different. Interruptions and Delayed Explanations in Act III of The Crucible Essay The Crucible Essay In act three opportunities constantly arise for the whole problem of the play to be cleared up satisfactorily, but these are always frustrated. Show how this act is one of interruptions and explanations which are tragically delayed. The crucible is a play written by Arthur miller and concerns the mass hysteria, which led to the 1692 Salem witchcraft trials in the U.S.A. At that time the people who lived in Salem believed in witches and the devil. They believed that the bible told them that witches should be hanged and they were required to live by strict puritan laws. The main characters of the play are Elizabeth Proctor and her husband John. John had an affair with their maid, Abigail, and it was her intention to destroy Elizabeth and marry John Proctor herself. After Elizabeth and other members of the community have been arrested on charges of witchcraft, the trial begins and there are many opportunities to show that the people arrested were innocent but the many interruptions make this impossible. At the start of act 1 Martha Corey is being questioned by judge Danforth and Hathorne to see if she had been involved in witchcraft. Her husband, Giles Corey interrupts to say that Putnam wants everyone’s land. â€Å"Thomas Putnam is reaching out for land.† Corey says that he has evidence to prove this. Then he is interrupted by Reverend Parris who undermines Corey’s evidence by saying he was a very argumentative person. Corey is interrupted again by Francis Nurse who says that the girls are all frauds â€Å"We have proof of it sir they are all deceiving you.† John Proctor arrives in the court with Mary Warren and the evidence as well but they are interrupted by Parris who tries to blacken Proctors name by say... ...s a whore and she has a motive to kill his wife. Proctor’s wife is called in and Proctor has already told the court that she never lies, could never lie. Elizabeth Proctor is asked about Proctors relationship with Abigail and she said he had done nothing wrong. To save her husband, because committing adultery is a hanging offence, she tells that lie and condemns him. Proctor asks Mary to continue with her evidence but she turns against him and accuses him of being in league with the devil, â€Å"you’re the Devil’s man she points at him she says she will not hang with him and tells the court that he told her, â€Å"I’ll murder you, if my wife hangs.† Proctor tells Danforth â€Å"you are pulling heaven down, and raising up a whore!† If any of the people had been allowed to give their evidence without interruptions, the outcome of the court case might have been different.

Types of culture

Organizational cultureOrganizational culture is beliefs and assumptions, which are shared by all members of an organization (Seymour, 2013).Charles Handy researched four types of organizational culture, which may be accepted by companies. The first type is â€Å"the power culture†, which means that the power is concentrated in one person and dominated by one person in the company (Greener, 2010). One person influences all decision-making. A type of organization with this cultural type is able to solve problems and provide solutions easily, however solutions depend on the central person for their success. The fact is that with this cultural type it is difficult to connect activities together, because of group sizes (Greener, 2010).The performance in the companies, which use this cultural type, can be examined by their results. The second type, according to Handy, is â€Å"the role culture†. In this type of culture each person has his or her own well-detailed job position (Greener, 2010). The influence comes from rules and procedures, which are very well-established. In addition, this type of culture can be a good choice in a resistant type of market. This type of culture can provide security and reward promotions for employees. The third type of culture, which Handy explained, is â€Å"the task culture†.This type of culture is activityoriented; the main focus is on task outcome (Greener, 2010). This is a team culture, which is oriented on the completion of a project. This culture is appropriate on the competitive market. The main difficulty is a control in this type of organizations, however there is a control in each type of project. The fourth and last type of culture is â€Å"Person culture†. This type of culture that is not used by many companies, because it is very unusual (Greener, 2010). In such organizations employees prefer to do a job in which they have efficient skills and can perform successfully.Furthermore, employees ten d to do a job, which they wish to do. In addition, these are standard types of culture and the majority of companies do not have only one cultural type. Moreover, most of the companies prefer to choose the culture type, which can become appropriate to the organization policy, in most cases they choose a mix of culture types. Furthermore, Quinn et al. decided to describe type of culture with the help of environment, which can be flexible or controlled, and with two types of focuses: internal and external.Internal means the environment inside the organization, while external environment means factors outside the organization, which organization can’t change. Quinn et al. proposed four different types of culture: the first type is called â€Å"clan†, which is based on human relations; this culture type is internal and flexible (Cameron and Quinn, 2005). There is a friendly atmosphere in such organizations. The second type of Quinn et al. culture is called â€Å"hierarchy †, which is based on control; this type of culture is internal and controlled (Cameron and Quinn, 2005).The work area is very formal and leaders play a role of the representatives of a company (Angel, 2003). The third type of Quinn et al. type of culture is called â€Å"adhocracy†, which is based on innovations; this type of culture is external and flexible (Cameron and Quinn, 2005). Work areas in such organizations are very positive, which have a vital energy (Angel, 2003). The last type of Quinn et al. type of culture is â€Å"market†, which is based on control; this type of organizational culture is external and controlled (Cameron and Quinn, 2005). The work atmosphere is a competitive place (Angel, 2003).In addition, Geert Hofstede research showed that a type of organizational culture depends on national values and vary from country to country (Hofstede G. , 2001; Hofstede G. et al. , 2010). The research found out that â€Å"the Organizational Cultural model consists of six autonomous dimensions (variables) and two semi-autonomous dimensions†(Hofstede G. , 2001:1; Hofstede G. et al. , 2010).For instance, there are several measurements for organizational culture: â€Å"oriented vs. goal oriented, internally driven vs. externally driven, easy going work discipline vs. strict work discipline, local vs.  professional, open system vs. closed system, employee oriented vs. work oriented, degree of acceptance of leadership style and degree of identification with your organization† (Hofstede G. , 2001:2; Hofstede G. et al. , 2010). Furthermore, depending on the goals of a business some of these dimensions or combinations of these dimensions may be more suitable for the company then others are. Organizational performance directly depends on the type of organizational culture. Organizational performance is a way in which employees present the results of their tasks.

The case study of a client the author met during her placement period in one of the NHS trust. The WritePass Journal

The case study of a client the author met during her placement period in one of the NHS trust. Introduction The case study of a client the author met during her placement period in one of the NHS trust. IntroductionREFERENCESAPPENDICES     APPENDIX 1  PERSONAL HYGIENEINTEVENTION/ACTIONEXPECTED OUTCOMEAPPENDIX 2  SLEEP PATTERNINTERVENTION/ACTIONEXPECTED OUTCOMESAPPENDIX 3  MEDICATIONINTERVENTION/ACTIONEXPECTED OUTCOMEAPPENDIX 4MOODINTERVENTION/ACTIONExpected outcomeAPPENDIX 5SUICIDEINTERVENTION/ACTIONExpected outcomeTo prevent further relapseAPPENDIX 6SECTION 3 MENTAL HEALTH ACT (1983)INTRVENTION/ACTIONExpected OutcomeAPPENDIX 7  OBSERVATIONSINTERVENTION/ACTIONEXPECTED OUTCOMEAPPENDIX 8LESSON PLANOBJECTIVES Related Introduction This essay is based on the case study of a client the author met during her placement period in one of the NHS trust. Confidentiality will be maintained to protect the clients sensitive data as stated under Data protection Act (1998). Therefore, a pseudo name will be used and hospital name withheld throughout the essay. This is in collaboration with NMC (2008) Code of Professional Conduct. The author will discuss about assessment strategies used by the team to assess the client. The essay will develop by identifying factors contributing to client mental health concerns and in addition the author will look at agreed care plans. Discussion on own contribution and those of others in implementing and evaluating agreed care plan actions will be revisited as well. The author will also reflect on mental health education and practice carried out with the client and his family. In conclusion the author will summarise the case study by reflecting on how she experienced the procedures of her tr eatment from assessment throughout to recovery plan. Richard (pseudo name), is a 20 year old white male who was admitted in one of the NHS acute wards in England under Section 3 of Mental Health Act (MHA, 1983). He is known to the service since the age of 13 and has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. This was his sixth admission and he has been to a mental rehabilitation and recovery unit twice during his previous admissions and presently he is under care of Community Psychiatric Nurse (CPN). He is known to be escorted by police on all his hospital admissions. Richard grew up under the care of his mother who was single with different men coming in her house. She was unemployed and lived on benefits in a two bedroom council flat since Richard was two years. The area was crowded, multicultural with a high rate of drug, theft and violence crimes (UpMyStreet, 2011).   As he grew up, he played with friends raised from the same financial/economic and social background as his, in the Council Estate in which he resides. Drinking alcohol excessively and smoking any sort of cigarettes is common in his home and his neighbourhood. As a result Richard was easily influenced into excessive drinking and smoking. He began using the little money he was given by his mum to feed his habit. His friends smoked cannabis and all sorts of drugs and it did not take long for him also to join them in smoking it. According to Rausch and Young (1991, Pg 4) cannabis is â€Å"a depressant drug with hallucinogenic properties†.   This reality catches up with him as he increasingly gets accustomed to cannabis. Around the age of 14, he started using illicit drugs like Heroin and crack cocaine. According to Edlin and Golanty (2009, Pg 377) these drugs stimulates the nervous system. What this means is that when a person is under the influence of these drugs, even though it is a crime on its own, can easily go to the extreme of anything he/she is performing or have wrong judgements that may easily result into another crime. Richard had family history of Mental Health; both his grandparents died of Alzheimer’s Dementia. According to epidemiology studies people with family history of mental health have high risk of having mental health in future. Richard was admitted after the CPN and his mother were concerned about his behaviour, for example, walking naked around the house; not attending to his personal care; very withdrawal; laughing inappropriately; low moods; responding to voices and not taking his prescribed medication. They tried to bring him into Hospital informally but he refused as he had no insight into his condition, therefore, CPN informed the Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP) who then arranged for mental health assessment and brought him formally under section 3 of Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA 1983). On admission, he was under influence of drugs and was not able to stand properly; therefore, he sat on a wheelchair to avoid risk of falling. He looked untidy with long uncombed hair, wearing dirty clothes and appeared to be in need of using the toilet. The author and other nurse took him to the toilet/bathroom and were able to get the urine sample which was sent for test and confirmed that illicit drugs were present. Whilst in the bathroom, he was assisted to have a bath and get changed into clean clothes. This also gave the author and other nurse opportunity to do Body map. He was responding to both visual and auditory voices. He could not maintain eye contact. Every time staff looked at him he puts his head down. During body map, it was found that his fingers and toes appeared purple with wounds. This was documented on Body Map Form (See Appendix 10a). The nurse said that the type of wounds is common to people who inject themselves with drugs. However, he sat on a scale to weigh him and his height taken as per assessment procedure. His weight was 48kg and height 1.78m (See Appendix 10b). According to Body Mass Index (BMI) Richard was 15.1 under weight. Understanding this from his lifestyle, it appears that he was living on a poor diet because most of his money went towards drugs instead of food, clothing and toiletries. Vital signs such as Blood Pressure, Temperature, and Pulse were taken and recorded (See Appendix 10c).   Night Staff reported that Richard becomes restless during the night asking to leave hospital. On doing this he turns to be aggressive presenting with threatening manners. Richard was reminded that he was under section 3 (MHA 1983) and nurses read his rights for him to rem ind him that he was not able to leave the ward without section 17 which requires Consultant’s approval (See Appendix 10d for patient’s rights). All these behaviour according to Patrice (1994) are drugs unforeseen effects. Through involvement with the Multi-Disciplinary Team (MDT), the author got an opportunity to participate in the assessment, for Richard’s needs, planning of his care, implementation and evaluation of the planned interventions. According to Ward (1992) assessment is a form that the nursing team use to measure what clients can do independently and their coping strategies. Walsh and Kent (2001 Pg 140) argued that assessment is about looking at a â€Å"patient as a whole† that is â€Å"physically, socially, biologically and psychologically†. During the assessment different assessment tools, approaches, observation techniques were used by different members of the team depending with their conceptual frameworks or models of practice. The team was comprised of the Author, Psychiatric Doctor, Physiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, Registered Nurse, Psychologist etc. However, all these were to fulfil holistic nursing care. Schultz and Vibeck (2002) views assessment as the initial step carried out during first stage of admission. Care Program Approach (CPA 1991) was used to assess Richard. According to The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (2000), CPA has a goal-achieving feature. It gives an efficient framework for a coordinated care provision and resource allocation. In this, a patient is allocated a key worker; a detailed assessment to each client’s needs is clearly stated and the client is involved in the recovery plan. However, interview was done, which involved Richard and his mother. They were assessed on their needs, for example housing, finance, physical and mental health status, past and current medication, education, sleep pattern and coping strategies. During the interview the author and other team members maximised their knowledge and skills, especially communication skill. According to Porritt (1984, Pg 3) communication is the main way by which human beings interact and can be view ed as a social process. It was witnessed that Richard was hallucinating; had paranoid ideas; restless; confused at times; presenting flat moods. He was denying to what was taking place at the same time avoiding eye contact and crying. All these were influenced by drugs he took.   Ross (2001) describes this as common to people who are depressed. The team was highly experienced and understood how to deal with these factors that might impinge assessment. Active listening skills were brought into use, for example: reflecting everything Richard had said and clarifying   with him; at other times paraphrasing and also asking him to summaries; speaking simple, clear and straight forward without use of jargon (Porritt, 1984). Good distance from him and sitting posture was maintained professionally for him to feel relaxed and engaged into the discussion (Egan, 2002).   When talking, they squarely faced him, with open gestures and smiling. Suitable questioning strategies were utilized, for example, open and close ended questions. One example of this type of questions he was asked was as follows: â€Å"What is your daily routine?† However, the author/student had limitations and boundaries to work on, therefore, during interview the doctor was asking questions and the author was documenting the answers on assessment form inst ead of asking questions as well. She had to maintain that and maximise understanding, acquiring skills and knowledge. According to McGuire and Priestly (1985, Pg7) â€Å"a knowledge of your own limit immense great benefit in itself and may be indispensable for solving some kinds of problems†. Literacy and numeracy skills were involved in the process when calculating points scored and lay down in a form of a scale. These were documented on assessment forms and the author’s mentor double checked to assess if they were well completed to the standard. These were to meet the NMC Code of Professional Conduct on documentation and record keeping (2008). It was concluded that the trigger for all His problems was substance misuse; therefore, he was referred to Drug Clinic for detoxification and was to be prescribed methadone depending on the level of drugs in the blood. Stopping drugs completely could result in death by acute causes ((Prof ) Jones,   2004).   Mirtazepine 15mg once daily, Zopiclone 7,5mg once at night and paracetamol 500mg three times daily was prescribed. Risk assessment was carried out using Threshold Assessment Grid Tool (TAG see Appendix 10e). According to DOH (2002), this tool assesses client potential risk to him or others, that is, looking at clients past history of violence; self harm or others; patient social network and neglect. TAG simply assesses the severity of service user’s mental health problems (Slade, 2000). It was noticed that Richard was at risk of blood transported diseases, for example, HIV and Hepatitis. Blood test was done and Richard was informed that the results were negative.   Advice was given that the blood test will be repeated again after six months as HIV studies refer this period of months as window period. Level three observations commenced, where the staff had to monitor him on one to one. Close monitoring was important on Richard because he was depressed and was on antidepressant medication, therefore, suicidal thoughts were most likely to affect him (Carolyn et al, 2008). Care planning is one of the requirements of CPA. According to Hogston and Simpsons (2002), care planning is a process that provides a â€Å"road map† to guide everyone involved with patients’ care. Richard and his mother participated in planning.   According toSeaback (2006) patient involvement make them feel empowered, valued and committed to goals sat out. However, Maslow Hierarchy of needs triangle indicates that basic, low level needs should be satisfied first. Following this triangle, needs to be met were housing, weight building, job, personal hygiene, sleeping pattern, compliance with medication and dealing with suicidal thoughts. Due to word limit of this assignment, three of these will be discussed and others written in appendix (1 to 9). Since the problem was triggered by substance misuse, this can be viewed as the umbrella of all other needs, thereby makes health promotion the top priority. A health promotion care plan was devised involving Richard and his mother. This was done according to DOH (2004) that, the care plan is to be individualised and tailored to meet each client’s needs . It involved educating Richard about his illness and researches about substance misuse. Richard and his mother agreed that he was going to attend Drug- Misuse-Team clinic to get more help on detoxification and how to quit drugs. Therefore, a referral was sent to Drug-Misuse -Team, who came to assess and take him on board. The author sort consent from the mentor (Richard’s key worker) to work collaboratively with them in order to achieve this assignment and get insight into planning and delivering a teaching session on substance misuse. According to Body Mass Index, Richard was under weight therefore, food and fluid chart were put out to record the intake (See Appendix 10f). Whitney and Rolfes (2008, Pg 579) suggest that, the prolonged use of drugs causes dehydration, loss of appetite which result in loss of weight which can lead to malnutrition and swallowing problems. Staff members were informed and communication book completed to make sure Richard has adequate diet and fluid. Weight chart was put in place for him to be weighed weekly (See Appendix 10g). Dietician was contacted to come and give advice on which foods to offer Richard. She came and carried out assessment with Richard and advised staff to offer him soft diet as he was likely to have problems with swallowing (Whitney and Rolfes, 2008). This was to be reviewed weekly during Multi-disciplinary Meetings. Food supplements in the form of fort sip, fort cream and Calogen were prescribed; this was in line with Stanfield and Hui (2009) who notes that these fo od supplements help building the body but they must be taken alongside with meal not as a substitute. To meet his social needs Richard agreed to work collaboratively with the Social Worker who planned to find accommodation in a different area from his friends. His care co-ordinator was to monitor him effectively whilst at home to prevent further relapse and discouraging him to associate with friends who abuse drugs. Welfare state benefits began to be processed whilst he was still in hospital. In the care plan Richard agreed to go back to college in order to achieve his goals because he wanted to find a job. According to Radomski and Latham (2007), education is the primary goal to dysfunctional people as it increase their self esteem, work experience, outdoor activities and prevent risk of exclusion. He also agreed to take some voluntary work whilst he was still in hospital and Occupational Therapist (OT) was to come and collect him twice weekly as soon as he was ready to start. During his community activities the consultant completed Section 17 Mental Health Act (1983) which was ther e to allow Richard to go outside the ward for four hours a day. These care plans were to be monitored daily and evaluated every now and then as Richard progressed. Within six weeks after admission, changes began to be noticed on his behaviour and appearance. Reflecting to progress, he began to put weight which proved that the supplements were working, therefore, weight care plan was changed from weekly weight to fortnightly. However, food and diet chart continued as it was still important to find out how much he eats and drink. The food supplements were discontinued after the Dietician’s assessment in which it was reported that he was progressing well and proper diet was encouraged. In the process, he was maximising the use of gym to build up his muscles. Evidence in progress was witnessed when he began to use his own initiative to attend to his personal needs independently; therefore, his care plan pertaining to personal hygiene was reviewed and reduced to supervision. The Social Worker got him an apartment that was close to his mother and his benefits were processed. He began receiving weekly payments which he collected accompanied by staff. He was able to buy his toiletries, clothes and other foods preferred. When Richard started activities with OTs improvement on his capability and potential to do things better was witnessed. Initially, he required a wheelchair when going out because he was assessed as weak and at risk of falls, however, this was discontinued and a wheelchair was no longer needed to mobilise him. Richard was advised to increase his activities as he enjoyed participating. He got a place at the local college to study carpentry. His medication was reviewed and changed; Zopliclone and Paracetamol were to be given as per his request (PRN) because he was sleeping well at night and no more headaches as before. The author also reported progress on teaching session conducted with Richard as presented in the later part of this assignment. Analysing the introduction of receiving benefits weekly while in hospital, Staff members witnessed some incidences (although few) were service users smuggle drugs into hospital. Giving Richard money appeared to be a risk because he might use it for buying drugs. However, this was an issue dealt with in advance, in the Criminal Law Review (1992) Police have right to stop and search anyone in possession of controlled drugs under Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 which also gives hospital staff same powers to do stop and search to detained patients. Therefore, the stop and search use to be conducted by staff and police once every now and then and all drugs, alcohol, dangerous weapons found were to be confiscated. However, the reason for stop and search was always explained to patients to avoid breaking the therapeutic relationship between client and nurses which is build upon trust, respect, genuineness and empathy. On substance misuse care plan, all staff had a responsibility to educate Richard on health promotion. The author working collaboratively with the mentor planned the teaching sessions which focused on developing an understanding for Richard and family that drugs are detrimental to their health. The author put together session plan (see appendix 8). At this point the greatest dilemma was that, the author had no experience in teaching sessions of this nature. However, support was available from the mentor when needed Blais (2002) views teaching as a system of activities whereby learning occurs. Hinchcliffe (2005, Pg 63) added that, â€Å"learning is any event that brings about relatively permanent change in behaviour resulting from either experience or practice†. To achieve a meaningful session the author usually began by defining the purpose of the lesson to the group. Each and every individual were given chance to participate, contribute and criticise the session. Information   for teaching was gathered through current research, evidence based practice ideas,   clients experience and   other professionals as recommended by NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2008) that, one â€Å"has to keep his/her knowledge and skills up to date and deliver care based on current evidence†. According to Jarvis and Gibson (2001) rehearsing helps develop confidence and reduce nervousness, therefore, rehearsals were done with the mentor before the final session. This helped to boost confidence a nd to correct and polish work before presenting it to Richard and group. In implementing the teaching session, the author used the activist strategy, according to Nicklin and Kenworth (2000) this is a teaching theory that allows clients perform more activities to motivate themselves and enjoy the learning experience. These activities were group work that includes discussion, listing substances and identifying relapse signatures. To make this teaching theory effective some resources were used, for example, flip charts, simplified diagrams and video clips. All these helped to draw attention as some realised that the symptoms they were experiencing were similar to what they saw on the teaching resources. They responded by answering each other’s questions. This proved that they were listening to teaching session. At some point they debate which made the session more enjoyable.   Use of leaflets was avoided in the session because most of them including Richard got a lot of leaflet information teachings from drug misuse clinic. During the session, the author had to use skills such as maintaining the tone of average voice because lowering it was going to give wrong signal to clients that information given was questionable. Raising the voice could be associated with threatening manner or shouting (Porritt, 1984). Listening was a skill used a lot to attract clients into discussion. In doing this, the author avoided repetition of phrases; hesitation; was facing them and maintained eye contact in order to communicate effectively without reading from the script (Egan, 2002). At the beginning of the lesson, the author advised clients to maintain confidentiality in case some clients disclosed important information and at the same time encouraged them to maintain respect and dignity in line with NMC code of Professional Conduct (2008). An evaluation tool (see appendix 9) was designed by the author to get feedback from Richard and group. Some expressed that too much material was used, for example, flip chart and handouts. Some pointed out that they could not keep in memory words used especially in flipcharts. Few of them believed that drugs have no effect on mental health despite all education they got; they still believed mental health comes like any other disease, for example, diabetes. Generally, most were good comments such as â€Å"It was informative, well taught, the session was well timed and of good length, the teaching was helpful in personal life, the session reflected real experience in life, etc†. According to authors’ work experience and opinion, giving up drugs is up to individuals not what clients are told. With the view of hospitals, there is a number of health care professionals who smoke cigarettes but they are quite aware of the effects. Mcdowell and Spitz (1999) argued that people give up on their own will as the substance misuse cycle is like any other recovery cycle and that varies depending on individuals. Reflecting to the whole case study, the author was impressed to see what she knew in theory put in practice, for example, individualised care. Hinchcliff (2005) argued that reflection is the way in which everyone revisits the events that happened and how these could have been done differently.   Therefore, the author hereby suggests that Richard would not have relapsed if the government’s welfare state system was fit for purpose. Evidence in the text shows that Richard grew up and lived in a community associated with poverty and social exclusion. It was also mentioned that the Social worker got an apartment for him in a better area. This means that the state is failing other places by inadequately supporting them. After detoxification the social input offered to Richard were sufficient enough to avoid his admission into hospital. That kind of social input and support was suppose to be given to Richard from birth to present. In short prevention is better than cure. Furthermor e, it is encouraging that Richard and family were involved in all aspects of care. Richard was able to take a lead which was useful because it encouraged him to work toward his goal. The only skill to endeavour apart from what the team used so far is Focus Solution Therapy (Simon and Nelson, 2007) as it also encourages clients to focus on their goals instead of the problem. Richard remained in hospital. 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Code of Professional Conduct: Standard for Conduct, Performance and Ethics, London: NMC Patrice G (1994) An Introduction to pychology: Routledge Porritt L (1984) Communication: choices for nurses; Churchill Livingstone Seaback W. (2006) Nursing Process Concepts and Application 2nd ed London: Delmer, T. Learning. Schultz, M and Videbeck H (2002) Manual of psychiatric Care Plans Philadelphia: Lippincott Simon, J. K and Nelson, T. S. (2007). Solution-focused brief practice with long-term clients in mental health services: Im more than my label. New York: Taylor Francis Slade, M. (2000) What outcomes to measure in routine mental health services, and how to assess them – a systematic review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 36, 743 -753 Stanfield P, Hui Y. H (2009) Nutrition and Diet Therapy: Self-Instructional Approaches: Jones and Bartlet Learning Radomski M. V, Latham C. A. T (2007) Occupational Therapy for Physical dysfunction: Lippincott William and wilskins Rausch S, Young M (1991) Be a Winner: an educational programme to prevent drug abuse: University of Arkansas Press Ross A.J (2001) Coping when a parent is Mental ill: The Rosen Publishing Group The Criminal Law Review (1992) Law: Sweet and Maxwell The Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health (2000) Care Program Approach (Available at); http://sainsburycentre.org.uk(Accessed on 25April 2011) UpMyStreet (2011)B70 house prices, property crime rate, local neighbourhood and schools (Available at); upmystreet.com/b70.html (Accessed on 25 April 2011) Ward M. F (1992) The Nursing Process in Psychiatry: Churchill Livingstone Whitney E.N, Rofles S.R (2008 Pg 579) Understanding Nutrition: Cengage Learning; Hampshire APPENDICES      Appendices provided here are:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Appendix 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Personal Hygiene- care plan Appendix 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sleep- care plan Appendix 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Medication-care plan Appendix 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mood- care plan Appendix 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suicide-care plan Appendix 6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 3 Mental Health Act- care plan Appendix 7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Observation –care plan Appendix 8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lesson plan Appendix 9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evaluation Tool Appendix 10a  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Body Map- Assessment Tool Appendix 10b  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Body Index- Assessment Tool Appendix 10c  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vital Signs- Assessment Tool Appendix 10d  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Section 3 Mental Health Act (1983) Patient’s Rights Appendix 10e  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Threshold Assessment Grid- Assessment Tool Appendix 10f  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Food and fluid Charts- Assessment Tool Appendix 10g  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Weight Chart- Assessment Tool Where information is deleted or omitted is done deliberately to protect confidentiality of the source APPENDIX 1   PERSONAL HYGIENE INTEVENTION/ACTION 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Richard to be assisted by one staff with his personal hygiene needs daily. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staff to encourage him to use preferable deodorant. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staff to encourage him to wear clean clothes daily. 4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staff to encourage him to shave every now and then. 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Staff to encourage him to brush his teeth and comb his hair daily when attending to his personal hygiene needs. EXPECTED OUTCOME 1 For Richard to be able to attend to his personal hygiene needs independently. 2 For Richard to look presentable all times. 3 For Richard to continue practising this skill when discharged. APPENDIX 2   SLEEP PATTERN INTERVENTION/ACTION 1   Richard to be commenced on sleep chart to monitor his sleep pattern. 2 Staff to offer him warm milk drinks before bedtime to help him sleep, but avoid caffeinated drinks 3 Staff to offer him warm bath priory to bed. 4 Staff to keep him occupied with activities during the day and discourages him to sleep until evening. 5 Staff to monitor any side effect of his current medication to his sleep pattern. EXPECTED OUTCOMES 1 For Richard to have long sleep hours. APPENDIX 3   MEDICATION INTERVENTION/ACTION 2 Richard to take all his prescribed medication. 3 Staff to educate him on importance of taking medication. 4 Staff to educate him on his prescribed medication. 5 Richard to discuss with the Doctors on other routes if he does not want oral medication. 6   Staff to monitor concordance with medication and observe for side effects and therapeutic effects. EXPECTED OUTCOME 1 For Richard to have knowledge on his prescribed medication. 2 To maintain recovery. 3   To prevent further relapse APPENDIX 4 MOOD INTERVENTION/ACTION 1   Staff to have one to one session with Richard once daily. 2   Staff to monitor his mood and document daily. 3 Staff to encourage him to participate in ward activities. 4 Staff to encourage him to interact with fellow peers. 5   Staff to use de-escalation skills when Richard becomes aggressive, restless or when he ask to leave. 6   Staff to use lock door policy when Richard threatens to leave the ward, document the incident and then inform the doctors. Expected outcome 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Richard to be able to ventilate his feelings and thought to staff. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For Richard to be able to interact with fellow peers and staff. 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To maintain his safety and others APPENDIX 5 SUICIDE INTERVENTION/ACTION Staff to monitor Richard on one to one observations Staff to monitor side effects of depressant medication Staff to educate him on depressant medication Team to review his medication regularly Richard to have psychologist input To be referred to Therapy and Recovery Unit for CBT and Relaxation Expected outcomeTo prevent further relapse To prevent suicide or harm risk To help Richard achieve optimal function Richard to recover and maintain   treatment APPENDIX 6 SECTION 3 MENTAL HEALTH ACT (1983) INTRVENTION/ACTION Staff to read Richard’s right to him Staff to give him medication as prescribed Staff to inform him on lock door policy and observation levels Richard to have a signed Section 17 when he wants to go outside the ward. For the care plan to be reviewed weekly by the team. Mental Health Coordinator to be informed of Richard section status as well as family Expected Outcome For Richard to be able to understand his rights For Richard to follow the section guideline at all times For Richard to be in a position to get support and guidance in appealing if they is a need. APPENDIX 7   OBSERVATIONS INTERVENTION/ACTION Staff to maintain Richard’s observation level Staff to increase observation level if appropriate Staff to record appropriate observation Staff to inform MDM of any change as appropriate No one should observe for longer than two hours at any one time EXPECTED OUTCOME Staff to provide information for ongoing behavioural and risk assessment including specific behaviours and triggers Staff to monitor all changes in behaviour Staff to enhance the safety of Richard’s behaviour at risk including: suicide attempts;   harm to others; self injury; risk of absconding and   potential risk of neglect APPENDIX 8 LESSON PLAN TOPIC: Substance Misuse and Mental Health Target audience: Patients, Staff, Family Date: 20 / 05 / 2010  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Time: 14.00 hrs Venue: Meeting Room  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Expected Duration: 1Hour OBJECTIVES To enable clients to: a) Understand what the meaning of the terms â€Å"substance misuse†. b) Understand the difference between the benefits of prescribed medication and the intoxication of illicit drugs c) List the different types of substances likely to be abused d) Discuss the effects of substance misuse on mental health e)   Identify their own relapse signatures f) Identify ways of getting help. TEACHING RESOURCES  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ACTIVITIES Handouts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Discussion Flip Charts  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Group Work Overhead projector  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   watching a Video Television and video player  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lesson Evaluation Video tape APPENDIX 9    EVALUATION TOOL Circle the appropriate answer 1) Objectives clear.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes / No 2) The teaching material was useful.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes/ No 3) The teaching material was easy to understand.     Ã‚  Yes / No 4) Discussions and group activities were useful.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes / No 5) The language used was easy to understand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes / No 6) The presenter was speaking clearly.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes / No 7) The subject well researched.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes / No 8) The subject brought new things I did not know.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yes / No

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Euthanasia Death and Euthanasia Essay Euthanasia: Death and Euthanasia Essay Research Essay – Euthanasia Euthanasia is a serious moral and ethical issue in today’s world. Rightly so. Approximately 1.2million people in the United States and about 564,600 Americans annually – more than 1,500 people per day are suffering from terminal illnesses (Growthhouse). However, most people think that euthanasia is murdering, even if they believe that suffering is a horrible thing. Being bed-ridden in pain because of a disease or sickness is completely horrifying. Interestingly, someone came up with an act that is known as â€Å"Euthanasia† which allows people to kill themselves due to pain or suffering. Often, it is confused with the term â€Å"assisted suicide† which means someone, normally a physician, voluntarily helps the patient to end his or her life. Euthanasia is the act of someone ending the life of a terminally ill person by injection or medical treatment. This is a topic that consists of countless opinions and much controversy as to whether euthanasia should b e legalized or not. Even though I have never known a person that has an incurable disease or sickness, if a loved one or I were diagnosed, for instance, with a terminal illness like cancer, I would definitely choose euthanasia as an option to end the suffering and pain in my life. If there were no other way to cure the disease and take away the agony, patients would not want to live a painful life and die a tormented death. Instead, being helped by someone to take away the pain sooner, even if that meant dying, would be a better option. Though some may not choose euthanasia or physician assisted suicide. At least, by having the right to choose euthanasia, one has hope of making the pain end. Therefore, I agree with the practice of euthanasia and strongly believe that everyone has the right to decide whether they want to end their own life or not. First of all, deciding to live or die should be a personal decision to be made by everyone. However, many people support legalizing Euthanasia. Author Sidney Hook is one of these people. In his article â€Å"In Defense of Voluntary Euthanasia,† he believes that â€Å"each one should be permitted to make his/ her choice especially when no one else is harmed by it† (Hook, 242-245). I strongly agree with his philosophy that people have the right to choose to live or die because I think people who live their lives enduring pain and suffering because of a sickness are already facing so much and, furthermore, they wouldn’t want to be a lifelong liability to their family. This question often arises: â€Å"Where do the sick people go when there is no medical help available and the disease in question is incurable? Are they expected to go on with their life until the pain kills them? That is absolutely brutal! If a patient has no hope to live a comfortable life any longe r because he is suffering from unbearable pain, why should the law or the patient’s family have the right to make the decision whether he/she should live or die? It should be the patient’s right to decide if they want to end their life by euthanasia. This may help the suffering patients to die a less painful death (Rottenberg, â€Å"You Live Your Life, I’ll Take Mine!†) and maybe end their own life with some happiness. Euthanasia should be seen as a ray of hope for a suffering person. Then again, it shouldn’t be perceived as an answer to every illness. Only a patient who is terminally ill or is suffering in extreme anguishing pain should have the right to choose if he prefers to end his life by the practice of euthanasia. It should not be determined by anyone else how long a person’s pain should continue. There should not be a law that denies someone the hope to put an end to his or her pain. How could there exist a law that states that euthanasia cannot be legal in any case? It is not right for other people, for instance, a doctor or an intellectual, to decide if it is immoral to practice euthanasia. They don’t understand the pain and suffering of the patient in such

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Constitution and Systems of the State - Essay Example The main components of the government of Oregon as outlined in its constitution are the legislature whose duty is to make the laws of the state; the judiciary whose role is to make sure that justice is carried out in the state and that it implements the laws, which have been passed by the legislature. Finally, there is the executive headed by the governor who is elected by the people of the state for a term of four years, and who oversees the administration of the state on a day-to-day basis. The constitution further outlines the distribution of powers within the state with all three arms of government being considered to be equal and each serving as a check over the other two (Cama, 2012). The role of each is well defined and one would find very little reason for any branch of the government to infringe on the roles of the other. There are many services provided by the state that are authorized by the state constitution and these services serve as one of the rights of the people of Oregon. The state constitution specifies that the state government shall provide services, which are required by the people of the state, but which they cannot provide for themselves. Some of these services may be basic such as mandatory education for all children in the state, to more complex services such as the state providing legal representation for those people who cannot afford a lawyer in court. The constitution of the state has been put in place to protect the rights and privileges as well as to ensure that all the people within the state are treated equally (Staff, 2008). This is the reason why it specifies that the state shall provide those services that one would otherwise not be able to afford. For example, when a person is in need of legal representation but cannot afford to have a lawyer. The state is under the obli gation to provide a lawyer for the defendant in a case so that his or her trial is carried out justly and without any

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Of purpose to applying to university - Personal Statement Example recognizes that aside from this main personal objective, there is a firm desire to be an instrumental contributor to the development of my native country through this field of study. It was acknowledged that most of the students who reportedly graduated in the last decades focused on literary programs where professional careers in education and providing instructional approach through teaching have been appropriately satiated and addressed. Likewise, as affirmed from the narration of our prophet Mohammed, peace is upon him, when he said that we must look for knowledge everywhere. As such, this advice is put into application through fervent desire for traveling across countries for both leisure and educational pursuit. I believe that through being immersed in different cultures, traditions and languages, I would be able to personally experience and learn about people, arts, communication patterns, and current global trends. In addition, I contend that by travelling, it would provide me with the perfect opportunity to practice speaking and communicating through English, as my second language. Thus, I would like to develop greater proficiency in English through being enrolled in the university in the United States. passion to delve into theories and concepts that integrate courses in biology, as well as in information technology. I recognize that contemporary organizations have applied advanced discoveries in the field of biology, or the study of life; as well as in vast technological advancements in information and the use of computers, the internet, as well as other technical fields. In addition, since graduates from this particular field are still rare in Saudi Arabia, I plan to share the fruits of the knowledge to be gained from the program to my country through helping in its growth and development within this discipline. I am most grateful for the government for according me with a scholarship to enable me to pursue higher education in the United States. As